The Internet of Things (IoT) refers to the network of interconnected physical devices that communicate and exchange data with each other over the internet. These devices, often embedded with sensors, software, and other technologies, range from everyday household items like smart thermostats and refrigerators to industrial machines and infrastructure components. The primary goal of IoT is to enable seamless communication between devices, allowing them to collect, share, and analyze data to improve efficiency, enhance user experiences, and automate processes. By connecting the physical and digital worlds, IoT facilitates real-time monitoring and control, leading to smarter environments and more informed decision-making. IoT has transformative implications across various sectors, including healthcare, agriculture, transportation, and smart cities. In healthcare, IoT devices like wearable fitness trackers and remote monitoring systems enable continuous health tracking and personalized care. In agriculture, IoT sensors can monitor soil conditions and weather patterns to optimize crop yields. In transportation, IoT enhances vehicle-to-vehicle communication and traffic management systems, improving safety and efficiency. Smart cities leverage IoT to manage resources like energy and water more effectively, reduce waste, and improve the quality of urban life. Despite its benefits, IoT also presents challenges, particularly in terms of data security and privacy, as the proliferation of connected devices increases the potential for cyber threats and unauthorized data access.